Abstract:

In recent years, several European countries have modified their policies on fixed-term contracts, oscillating between liberalization and restriction in order to balance employment flexibility and job stability. We analyze a 2018 reform that tightened the legislation on temporary contracts in Italy, and examine its impact on wage dynamics. Our analysis, grounded in extensive administrative data covering the universe of dependent employees in Italy, reveals a sizeable decline in the starting wage of workers whose contract gets converted from fixed-term to permanent. We suggest two possible explanations for this decline. First, the new policy regime could induce changes in the composition of the pool of converters. Second, the decline in wages could be caused by a decrease in the surplus generated by each job, either through a direct increase in labor costs or through an increase in uncertainty about the quality of the worker. Our results suggest the existence of some degree of market power on the part of firms, with increased security for the workers being partly compensated by lower wages.

Abstract:

Firms create temporary jobs for different reasons: to screen candidates for permanent positions; to cope with seasonal and short-term swings in activity; to increase flexibility in the use of the workforce. We use data on the universe of temporary jobs in Italy between 2013 and 2017 to identify and characterize the firms that engage in these different strategies. 

Screening is not a primary driver of temporary employment: the conversion rate of fixed-term employment relationships -- 20% on average -- is strongly predicted by unobserved firms factors and strongly positively correlated with the stated duration of the first contract, a choice that the firm makes before observing the surplus of the match.

Seasonality in activity involves a limited (below 15%) but well-identifiable share of jobs and firms. On the other hand, the use of fixed-term contracts as a buffer to meet flexibility needs is more difficult to characterize: while some firms resort to temporary employment because their revenues are highly volatile, others simply discharge part of their normal business risk onto workers. This may lead to excessive worker turnover.

These results have important policy implications for the design and regulation of fixed-term employment contracts.

Abstract:

This paper assesses the economic significance of multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in Italy's private non-farm and non-financial sectors. Using a new database that integrates various data on firm ownership and activity over the 2010-22 period, we highlight the key characteristics of MNEs, including employment, value added, productivity, innovation capacity, and wages.

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) generate over 35% of total value added and employ roughly one-fifth of all workers in Italy. They are larger and more productive than non-multinational firms, even after accounting for differences in sectoral and geographical specialization, and offer significantly higher wages. MNEs have contributed more than proportionately to the growth in firm size observed in Italy over the past decade and are found to be more innovative and export-oriented.